英美文学_英美文学简史及名篇选读课后题答案干货分享

Chapter 1伊丽莎白统治之前的时代分为三个阶段：古英语（安格鲁撒克逊）时期，中世纪英语（安格鲁诺曼）时期，伊丽莎白统治前时期。大不列颠岛相继被卡尔特人、罗马人和安格鲁撒克逊人占据。

 

Chapter 1伊丽莎白统治之前的时代分为三个阶段：古英语（安格鲁撒克逊）时期，中世纪英语（安格鲁诺曼）时期，伊丽莎白统治前时期大不列颠岛相继被卡尔特人、罗马人和安格鲁撒克逊人占据【 The Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Period 】。

²The British civilization is one of the oldest in the world.sign: the Stonehenge（巨石阵）prehistoric monumental pile of stones

Celts（凯尔特人）were probably the first inhabitants of the British Isles in recorded history.One of their tribes, the Britons（不列颠人）， came over in the 5th century BC.

亚瑟王传奇 Arthurian legends 500 yearsRoman Conquest, Julius Caesar（尤里乌斯凯撒） 55BC500 yearsAnglo-Saxon Conquest, 5th century

In 597 AD the Anglo-Saxons began to be converted to Christianity.pagan elements/regular elementsreligion elements

In the second half of the 7th century, the first English poet, Caedmon by name， began to sing.Another century passed, Beowulf.

In the 9th century, King Alfred decided that literature should be written in the vernacular（方言） of Old English.

² With the arrival of St. Augustine in 597 AD and the subsequent spread of Christian influence and classical learning, heathen poetry was maneuvered out of the scene.

a time of intermingling（过渡时期） of the pagan with the Christian components in poetry.安格鲁撒克逊时期唯一完整的诗歌：Beowulf： 1. The national epic of English people, a pagan poem

2. An epic of well over 3000 lines.3. The greatest epic ever left by the ancient Germanic tribes.4. The most ancient ever since the demise of the Greek and Roman literatures.

5. The only organic whole poem to come out of the Anglo-Saxon period.6. The story takes place in Scandinavia, no mention of England.

7. Anglo Saxon’s early life in EnglandTheme: The poem tells the story of a 6th century hero, Beowulf. It is basically a two-part narrative——Beowulf’s fight with the sea-monsters Grendel and his mother in the first part, and his killing a fiery dragon and his death in the second.

1. human desire for some super power to conquer nature.2. great tradition of realism（现实主义传统）Versification: 1. Pagan story has an Christian overlay（覆盖物，表面）.

（作诗法） The mixture of pagan and Christian elements2. using of kenning(一种描写手法) e.g.: sea is often “swan’s way” or “whale-path.

3. conspicious occurrence of alliteration(头韵).4. narrator of the poem, the “I” is a minstrel/scop/gleeman（吟游诗人）

5. story’s digressive manner of narration.6. elevated tone（提高的音调）.7. the use of metaphors and understatements

² Then the pagan was superseded（超过） by the religious spirit, and minstrels（吟游诗人） gave way to learned men.

² Caedmon（凯德蒙）: the first known poet in English literary history.² The Ecclesiastical History of England（英格兰教会史）by the venerable Bede（比得）.

欧洲最早的编年史：Anglo-Saxon Chronicle（编年史）founded by King Alfred the Great（阿尔弗雷德大帝）.【 Medieval（中世纪）Literature: a brief introduction 】

² 1066 Norman Conquest: marked the beginning of the Middle English or Anglo-Norman period.(1066-1400)

þ In 1066, ____, with his Norman army, succeeded in invading and defeating England.A. William the Conqueror B. Julius Caesar

C. Alfred the Great D. Claudiusþ After the Norman Conquest, three languages existed in England at that time. The Normans spoke _____.

A. French B. English C. Latin D. SwedishThe changes and replacement of dynasty and government:The Norman line of kings

90 years1154 Angevin kingsKing Henry Ⅱ and his descendants 245 years1399 The House of Lancaster² Few occurrences of historic magnitude:

The Establishment of the Feudal System（封建制）William the Conqueror grabbed Anglo-Saxon land by force and gave it to his nobles and followers.

The 1381 Peasant Uprising（农民起义）Led by Wat Tyler of Kent and Jack Straw of Essex1086 The Completion of the Domesday Book（末日审判书）

A historical record of Anglo-Saxon institutions, customs, and way of lifeThe Launching of the Crusades.（十字军东征）

A serious of wars between Christians and the Muslims (1096-1270)The first communication between east and west

1215 The signing of the Magna Carter.（大宪章）King John was forced to recognize the rights of the powerful barons.（男爵）

（Duke公 Marquis侯 Count伯 Viscount子 Baron爵）A significant event in the long decline of the monarchy1337-1453 The War with France or the Hundred Years’War（英法战争）

Norman and Anglo-Saxon elements began to coalesce into one nation, and the English language started to revive.

The emergence of nation（民族兴起）² Few important points of literature:Legend传奇：The Growth of the Arthurian Legends（亚瑟王传奇）

Not put down on paper until 1147 Geoffrey of Monmouth came out with his Latin Historia Reugm Britanniae

.Be enriched by a good number of later writers.1205 Layamon wrote his cast verse work of 32,000 lines

Brut in English.The beginning of the revival of English as a literary mediumRomance骑士文学：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight:(《高文爵士和绿骑士》)

a story of adventure--fictitious, frequently marvelous or supernatural--in verse or prose.þ The prevailing form of Medieval English literature is ____.

A. novel B. drama C. romance D. essayþ The story of ___ is the culmination of the Arthurian romances.

A. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight B. BeowulfC. Piers the Plowman D. The Canterbury Talesþ The theme of ____ to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances.

A. loyalty B. revolt C. obedience D. mockeryA famous roman about King Arthur’s storyA 4-part work of 2,530 lines in 101 sections.

knightly virtues: loyalty, valor（勇猛）,rectitude（正直）,and integrity.One Christmas（故事发生的时间）1.某年圣诞节，亚瑟王在自己的宫廷里举行宴会。

一位绿衣骑士前来向圆桌骑士挑战：有谁敢当场砍下他的头，并让他一年后回敬一斧高文接受挑战，砍下了绿衣骑士的头那具依然活着的躯体捡起头颅，回到绿色的教堂2.一年以后，高文践约去寻找绿衣骑士，历经千辛来到一座城堡。

3.城堡女主人趁丈夫外出狩猎耍尽花招引诱高文；高文不为所动4.最后高文在向导的陪同下离开城堡前往绿色教堂绿衣骑士原来就是城堡的男主人，他举斧向高文进攻三次，前两次落空，第三次在他的脖子上划出轻伤绿衣骑士向他解释：落空的两斧是对他两次不受女主人诱惑并如实交换所得之物的回报，第三斧则是对高文隐瞒女主人送他腰带的惩罚。

高文辞别绿衣骑士返回亚瑟王的宫廷，将自己的历险告诉众人，骑士们一致认为他为圆桌骑士争了光那根女主人送他的腰带成了纯洁的道德的象征The description of the change of seasons and the difficult terrain of his route with its waste land and wild animals, serves in fact as a means of externalizing（外化）the complexing inner world of the man going to death.

He is a perfect human but he is not divine.To forgive his divine to earn his human在诗行结构和运用头韵等写作方法上同《贝奥武甫》非常相似

骑士就跟普通人一样，也会犯错民谣ballads: Robin Hoodthe most important department of English folk literature. A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.

Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission.þ The most famous cycle of English ballads centers on the stories about a legendary outlaw called _____.

A. Morte d’Arthur B. Robin HoodC. The Canterbury Tales D. Piers the PlowmanA collection of 15th century medieval ballads about Robin Hood, the hero of the poor, and the enemy of the rich and the powerful.

A greenwood outlaw（绿林好汉）罗宾汉是英国民间传说侠盗式英雄人物人称汉丁顿伯爵从12世纪中叶起，关于罗宾汉的民谣和传说就开始在民间流传14世纪，有关罗宾汉的故事首次作为文学作品问世此后，不断有作家以此为素材，写出了许多脍炙人口的作品。

《侠盗罗宾汉》是法国文豪亚历山大·仲马在前人基础上再创作的作品Basic features of folk ballads: repetition of words/refrain, uniform in mood, and dramatic in plot or character portrayal.

John Wycliffe约翰威克里夫(1320-1384):Translate bible from Latin to English: the first attempt ever to translate the Holy Scripture into English.

威克里夫（英国宗教改革的晨星，英文圣经译者）生于伦敦附近的约克郡，其父亲是威克里夫农庄的主人1345年到牛津大学默顿学院就读，后来短时间任该大学巴略勒学院院长他学识渊博，名噪一时，听他讲学的人极多，在神学教授中首屈一指。

但为人不茍言笑在哲学上他是“þ ______ was the greatest of English religious reformers and the first translator of the Bible.

A. Langland B. Gower C. Wycliffe D. Chaucerþ The first complete English Bible was translated by _______, “the morning star of the Reformation” and his followers.

A. William Tyndal B. James IC. John Wycliffe D. Bishop Lancelot AndrewsWilliam Langland威廉朗兰(1332-end of 14th century):

Vision of Piers the Plowman: a dream allegory（讽寓体）of 7,000 lines to attack evil in both Church and state.

《农夫皮尔斯》是用中世纪梦幻故事的形式写成的教诲诗，通过描绘梦中的景象来展现中世纪英国社会各方面的生活图景，采用寓言故事来惩恶扬善长诗分为两部分，第一部分是皮尔斯的梦境，第二部分是称为“寻求好、更好、最好”的一连串幻想。

全诗由有重读音和押头韵的诗行写成þ William Langland’s ____ is written in the form of a dream vision.A. Kubla Khan B. Piers the Plowman

C. The Dream of John Bull D. Morte d’Arthurþ Piers the Plowman describes a series of wonderful dreams the author dreamed, through which, we can see a picture of the life in the ____ England.

A. primitive B. feudal C. bourgeois D. modernRomance Chanson de Roland:（《罗兰之歌》）法国英雄史诗，中世纪武功歌的代表作品全诗共分为291节，长4002行 ，以当时民间语言罗曼语写成。

英雄史诗是法国最古老的文学英雄史诗主要分为帝王系、纪尧姆·德·奥郎日系和敦·德·梅央斯系《罗兰之歌》是帝王系的主要作品Chapter 2【 Geoffrey Chaucer 1340-1400 】² Geoffrey Chaucer: The last medieval man, the first modern man.

þ In the 14th century, the most important writer (poet) is ____ .A. Langland B. Wycliffe C. Gower D. Chaucer

þ ______, the “father of English poetry” and one of the greatest narrative poets of England, was born in London in about 1340.

A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Sir Gawain C. Francis Bacon D. John Drydenþ Chaucer died on October 25th, 1400, and was buried in ____.

A. Flanders B. France C. Italy D. Westminster Abbeyþ Chaucer’s earliest work of any length is his _____, a translation of the French Roman de la Rose by Gaillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meung, which was a love allegory enjoying widespread popularity in the 13th and 14th centuries not only in France but throughout Europe.

A. The Romaunt of the Rose B. “A Red, Red Rose”C. The Legend of Good Women D. The Book of the Duchess

þ In his lifetime Chaucer served in a great variety of occupations that had impact on the wide range of his writings. Which one is not his career? ____.

A. engineer B. courtier C. office holderD. soldier E. ambassador F. legislator (议员)þ Chaucer composes a long narrative poem named _____ based on Boccaccio’s poem “Filostrato”.

A. The Legend of Good Women B. Troilus and CriseydeC. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight D. Beowulf他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人，英国历史上第一位卓越的诗人，英国文学史上用英语创作的第一位重要诗人。

Founder of English poetrythe messenger of humanismthe founder of English realismthe founder or master of the modern English language

the pioneer of the English RenaissanceThe first preeminent English poet.Chaucer was the first most significant poet in English literary history to write in Middle English.

A master of realism.² 作品：The Book of Duchess《公爵之书》The House of Fame《声誉之堂》The Legend of Good Wife《贤妇传奇》

Troilus and Criseyde《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》The Parliament of Fowls《百鸟议会》² The most famous of all his works：The Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷的传说》)

þ Geoffrey Chaucer’s work____ gives us a picture of the condition of English life of his day, such as its work and play, its deeds and dreams, its fun and sympathy.

A.The Romaunt of the Roses B.The House of FameC.Troylus and Criseyde D.The Canterbury Tales英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作

a collection of 20-odd stories, 4 fragmentsThe framing of the stories by means of a fictitious pilgrimage（朝圣） as the

Tales uses as a unifying device.A collection of stories strung together with a simple plan（章回体，像西游记）124 stories planned, only 24 finished

written in Middle English² 作品特点：突出两个群体：神职人员和中产阶级Substance is from others, the telling is Chaucer’s own.

Enormous sense of humor.Loyalty to reality. Sticks to his policy of honesty and stays true to life.Offers such a panorama (全景)of social life.

Infinite sense of humanity.It is more than a mere collection of true-to-life pictures. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life.

form: heroic couplet（英雄偶句诗）a four-line stanzaa verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵)lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)

² Contribution to English poetry:Introduced from France the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet),

The first great poet who wrote in the English language.Making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.

² 乔叟的诗歌创作分为三个时期：①法国影响时期（1359～1372）：主要翻译并仿效法国诗人的作品，创作了《悼公爵夫人》，用伦敦方言翻译了法国中世纪长篇叙事诗《玫瑰传奇》等②意大利影响时期（1372～1386）：诗人接触了资产阶级人文主义的进步思想。

这一时期的创作如《百鸟会议》、《特罗伊勒斯和克莱西德》、《好女人的故事》，反映了作者面向生活现实的创作态度和人文主义观点③成熟时期（1386～1400）：乔叟在这最后15年里从事《坎特伯雷故事集》的创作。

无论在内容和技巧上都达到他创作的顶峰他首创的英雄双韵体为以后的英国诗人所广泛采用，被誉为“英国诗歌之父”乔叟早期的创作受意大利和法国文学的影响他把法国文学中的骑士传奇、抒情诗和动物寓言故事等引入英国文学。

其早期作品《特罗勒斯和克莱西德》（1385），人物性格塑造生动细腻，语言机智幽默从1377年开始，乔叟多次出使欧洲大陆，接触了但丁、彼特拉克和薄伽丘等人的作品这些作家反封建反宗教的精神和人文主义思想，使乔叟的创作思想发生了深刻的变化，开始转向现实主义。

根据薄伽丘的一部长诗改写的叙事诗《特罗勒斯和克面西德》摈弃了梦幻和寓言的传统，代之以对现实社会中的人物和生活细节的描写，这是乔叟的第一部现实主义作品乔叟在他生活的最后十五年进行了《坎特伯雷故事集》（1387-1400）的创作。

这是他最杰出的作品² The Wife of Bath《巴斯夫人》: man should love a woman for her worth rather than her face² The Miller’s Tale《磨坊主的故事》:

one of jealousy, infidelity, courtly love, and obscenityin the style of the medieval fabliau （讽刺性寓言诗）(a funny vulgar story)

【 The Pre-Elizabethan Period: A Brief Introduction 】The 150 years between the death of Chaucer and the ascension of Queen Elizabeth I(1400-1557) was a very important period in history.

² Reformation （宗教改革）first started in Germany by Martin Luther(1483-1546)The followers of the movement, distinct now from the Catholics, became known as the Protestants, and the Reformation has also been known in history as the Protestant Reformation.

Johnannes Calvin(1509-1564)They believe in the doctrine of justification by faith, that man’s justification or salvation depends on the grace of God which comes through faith alone.（因信称义）

² Renaissanceþ English Renaissance Period was an age of ______.A. prose and novel B. poetry and drama

C. essays and journals D. ballads and songsþ Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the characteristics of Renaissance?

A. Exaltation of man’s pursuit of happiness in this life.B. Cultivation of the genuine flavor of ancient culture.

C. Tolerance of human foibles.D. Praise of man’s efforts in having his soul delivered.þ The most significant intellectual movement of the Renaissance was____.

A. the Reformation B. humanismC. the Italian revival D. geographical explorationsthe rebirth of letters

the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europebeginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century

marking the transition from the medieval to the modern worldTwo features are striking of this movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. The other one is the keen interest in the activities of humanity.

【Thomas More托马斯莫尔（1478-1535）】² a humanist² he witnessed the evils of the future of the world and sought to help mend things

² Utopia:þ Utopia was written in the form of _____.A. prose B. drama C. essay D. dialogueþ _____is one of the forerunners of modern socialist thought.

A. Phillip Sidney B. Edmund SpenserC. Thomas More D. Walter Raleighconsist of two book with emphasis on book two in which the Utopian weal republic is described in detail

book two has 9 sections: geographic contours, city life, administration of the country, lifestyle, family structure, utopia travel. Section 7: bondmen, attitude towards war, religion

作品特点:nothing private in Utopia, no one has anything, yet every is richoffers best ideal social system possible

some problems:strict adherence to conformityslave systemsuper power politicsmale-dominatedChapter 3【The Elizabethan Age(1558-1625):a brief introduction】

² The Elizabethan period began with the ascension of Queen Elizabeth I in 1558, and its afterglow shone well beyond the 16th century.

The Elizabethan age was one in which Renaissance transformed Chaucer’s Medieval England into Shakespeare’s modern one.

All the three major departments of literature——poetry, drama, and prose, and countless authors vied in offering their very best in a tremendous outburst of creative power.

² The Elizabethan age can be divided into three sub-periods:The first of these stretches over two decades(1557-1579)

beginning with the printing of Tottel’s Miscellany《杂录》and concluding with the publication of Edmund Spenser’s

The Shepheardes Calendar《牧羊人日历》Spenser’s first known workPlace him at the head of the English poets of his day

The second phase covers some two decades from 1580 through 1599.a period of intense literary activity in which the greatest Elizabethan writers made their presence felt

斯宾塞《仙后》、菲利普西德尼《爱星者和星星》、《为诗辩护》《阿卡荻亚》in drama the exuberance showed itself well in the great number of great plays that were written and staged at the time

in this period Shakespeare wrote sonnets and some 20 of his 37 playsShakespeare sonnet: abab cdcd efef gg

The third phase spans over some three decades(1599-1625).出现大批大学才子This was the period in which Shakespeare finished all his later plays, and Ben Jonson did almost the whole of his work.

【Edmund Spenser(1552-1599)埃德蒙斯宾塞】² a non-dramatic poet of Queen Elizabeth’s periodread and loved Chaucer and saw him as his pattern in literary creation

² major works:The Shepheardes Calendar 1579 《牧羊人日历》consists of 12 pastoral eclogues(田园牧歌)，one for each month of the year

dialogues between shepherds or of soliloquies, the everyday life of country people, their feelings and attitudes, and their simple life of harmony with nature

around with such observations on the religious strife and political turbulence of his dayfull of archaic(古代的) or “Chaucerian” words, bring into relief a rustic（乡村的，纯朴的） effect

the eclogues in the Calendar fall into three groups-plaintive, recreative, and moralThe Faerie Queene

1590,1596《仙后》praise of ElizabethⅠ’s England in itselfconsistent of six books and a fragment of the seventh book

tell respectively about the Red Cross Knight of Holiness, the Knight of Temperance, the legend of chastity, that of friendship, the Knight of Justice, and the Knight of Courtesy.

courageous experimentation with the metersSpecial rhyme scheme of the Spenserian sonnets, and in the Spenserian stanza.

impresses us with his skillful blending of religious and historical allegory with chivalric romance.Colin Clouts Come Home Againe

1595 《科林克劳德又回家了》two odes to Marriage： Epithalamium 1595《新婚颂》and Prothalamiun 1596《结婚曲》a collection of sonnets：

Amoretti 1595, 《爱情小唱》² Spenserian stanza斯宾塞诗节The Faerie Queen《仙后》 an allegory 寓言诗A nine-line stanza of 8 lines in iambic pentameter plus an iambic hexameter (6-foot line) 一共九行诗，前八行扬格五步音，第九行抑格六步音。

The rhyme scheme is abab baba c.【Philip Sidney (1554-1586)菲利普西德尼】Apologie for Poetrie 《为诗辩护》 古典文论（poetics）必读

Sidney’s sonnet cycle Astrophel and Stella 爱星者和星星(1591) contains his best poetic compositions of 108 sonnets and 11 songs.

As a sonnet sequences, this was probably the first of its kind ever to appear in English literary history.英国文学史上第一组十四行组诗

【English Drama: A Sketch Account】² The drama had gone through a number of phases over the centuries including those of the mysteries（神秘剧）,the miracles（奇迹剧）,the morality（道德剧）,the interlude（插剧）,and the true drama（经典戏剧）.

þ Morality plays appeared after_____.A. miracle plays B. mystery plays C. interlude D. Classical plays

þ One of the popular morality play· s was ____.A. The Shepherds B. EverymanC. The Play of the Weather D. Gammer Gurton’s Needle

【Christopher Marlowe(1564-1593)】² The most preeminent figure among the University Wits大学才子þ The most gifted of the “university wits” was ____.

A. Lyly B. Peele C. Greene D. Marloweþ It was William Shakespeare and_____ who made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama.

A. Edmand Spencer B. Christophor Marlowe C.Robin Hood D. Francis Bacon² works:Tamburlaine the Great帖木儿大帝

The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧first part of the play tells of Faustus’s dissatisfaction with earthly knowledge and of his part with the devil

second part about his satisfaction with his newly acquired knowledge and powerthird part soul being dragged down to hell, tries to pray to God’s save.

famous both for its thematic and formal featuresthematically, Faustus represents the archetypal Renaissance humanist of 16th century, and a supreme specimen of Everyman for all time

Formally, uses some dramatic devices like the chorusesAs a “photo” record of new man主题：Human limitation人类局限性

塑造了一个renaissance hero的形象marks a new phase in human epistemology,认识论in which man emerges from his initial total submission to external forces and awakens to his own importance and power and begins to assert himself.

Chapter 4【William Shakespeare(1564-1616)】² 四大悲剧： 哈姆雷特，麦克白，李尔王，奥赛罗² In Sonnet 18, he eulogizes the power of artistic creation

² blank verse is the principal form of his dramas² Shakespeare was born in Stratford-on-Avon² Non-dramatic:

Two long narrative poems: Venus and Adonis & The Rape of LucreShakespeare’s sonnets, 154 in total, were first published as a collection in 1609

þ Among many poetic forms, Shakespeare was especially at home (good at) with the _______.A. dramatic blank verse B. song C. sonnet D. couplet

þ In _____ appeared Shakespeare’s Sonnet，Never before Imprinted which contains 154 sonnets.A. 1606 B. 1607 C. 1608 D. 1609

þ In the plays, Shakespeare used about ______words.A. 15000 B. 16000 C. 17000 D. 18000theme:love, passion, and sparks of wisdom

clear vision of life and peopleRenaissance paean of mana faithful record of the mood and tenor of the times.

style: grace in form, depth in thought, and vivacity in tone² Drama:37His creative use of the language, especially its vocabulary

Over 17000 words used in his writing,10% new inventionsEnglish today still full of echoes from his plays

Variety:before 1600:the histories and comedies of his early periodgenerally happy and cheerful. All dramas this period end happily

1600-1608: the tragedies of the middle or tragic periodfrustration, all his major tragedies were written within the space of a few years

1608-1612: the late period of romances or the period of serenityacceptance of the inevitability of life

þ Shakespeare’s plays written between _____ are sometimes called “romances” and all end in reconciliation and reunion.

A. 1590 and 1594 B. 1595 and 1600C. 1601 and 1607 D. 1608 and 1612The Great TragediesThe Tragedy of Hamlet哈姆雷特/王子复仇记

Othello奥塞罗The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白The Later Comedies(romances)Pericles波里克利斯Cymbeline辛白林The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事

The Tempest暴风风雨特点：highly moral: evil be punished and good rewardedpraises virtue and censures vicewisdom and profound philosophy

tolerant of human foibles and faults(新古典主义观点：human beings are nor perfect but perfectable)avoids the use of just one color-pure black or white，characters are more than one-dimensional.(不只是一维)

comic element alongside the serious （喜剧和严肃元素并置）sense of individual worthmethod of creation: (unique & originality) borrows from existing works but revises and makes them substantially and superior

King Lear: tragic comedy 悲喜剧theme:everyone in life have their own dutythe principle that national unity under a mighty

analysis of the social crisiscriticism of the bourgeois egoism 利己主义resignation with fate and acceptance of the workings of the world

spiritual rebirth, spiritual sublimityingratitude (忘恩负义)The Tempestþ Miranda is a heroine in Shakespeare’s ______.

A. Pericles B. CymbelineC. The Winter’s Tale D. The TempestShakespeare’s desire that human beings should come to terms with the workings of nature

the play expresses the complexity of human existence so well that it is capable of more than one interpretation

Hamlet, the Prince of Denmarkover a 60-year period, doctoral dissertations on the play have appeared at the frequency of one in every 12 days.

hesitation: Hamlet’s tragic flawthe secret of success: whereas revenge and violence receive most of the emphasis in precious versions, Shakespeare injects the thrilling Renaissance spirit into the story.

MacbethLady Macbeth: one of Shakespeare’s greatest women: AmoralityThe Merchant of VeniceShylock portrays an archetype of vice, created as he is to body forth the sum total of social and human evil and is eventually brought to justice.

with a supreme sense of justice【Francis Bacon (1561-1626)】² 成就：Philosophy:his inductive method of reasoning and learning(归纳推理法) proved to be seminal and critically important to the development of modern science and the progress of humankind

his thought system represented the beginnings of materialism in English philosophy（英国唯物主义哲学）his well-known philosophical works:

Advancement of Learning 学问的演进Novumm Organum 新哲学New Atlantis 新大西岛Prose:Essays随笔 was the first of its kind to appear in English literature.英国文学史上第一部随笔作品

Bacon drew chiefly on the carious phenomena of nature and his careful observations and analyses特点：wisdom and his unique style.

deliberations on man and his life他对人类和人类生活的反思it reveals his intimate knowledge of human nature揭示了他对人类特性的深入认识

Of Studies: “ Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested”

【Ben Jonson (1573-1637)】他的去世标志着伊丽莎白时代的结束² he was the last great Elizabethan and probably the first poet laureate（桂冠诗人） and the first literary dictator（文学泰斗） in English history

第一位桂冠诗人，第一位文学泰斗² his reputation as a playwright was established by the success of his first comedy, Every Man in His Humour（1598） 《个性互异》

² In 1616 he published his Works《作品》, the complete collection of his poetry² bring the classic form of the tree unities——unity of action, unity of time, and unity of place——back to the stage

² 把古典的三一原则——情节一致，时间一致和地点一致带回舞台þ “The three unites”, formulated by renaissance dramatists, are the unites of the following elements but____.

A. time B. place C. action D. character² the heroic couplet英雄双韵体that he used in the poem was to become a tyrannical bogue in the next century, and his emphasis on “nature” the basic principle in 18th century literary criticism

【King James’ Bible】² 最终形成于3世纪初² consists of 2 parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament旧约和新约² The Old Testament became the Holy Scripture for the Jews at the end of the first century AD, and a century later both the Old and the New Testaments were accepted by the Christians as their holy book.

² The Old Testament: history and religious beliefs of the JewsThe New Testament: the life of Jesus Christ and the birth and the growth of the Christian faith

² the authorized bible came into being in 1611Chapter 5【The 17th Century: A brief Introduction 】² basic features of the literature of the period:

Seek certainty and intellectual harmony on the one hand, and to address the question of values through violence and sexuality

² The main literary form of the early 17th century was poetry.【John Donne 约翰邓恩(1571-1631)】² Metaphysical Poetry/Poet 玄学派诗歌/诗人

þ The main literary form of the early 17th century was poetry. John Milton was acknowledged as the greatest. Besides him, there were two groups of poets. They were the Cavalier poets and ______.

A. the lake poets B. the university witsC. the Metaphysical poets D. the Romantic poetsþ Which of the following is not typical of metaphysical poetry best represented by John Donne’s works?

A. Common speech B. Conceit C. Argument D. Elegant languageþ ____ is the leading figure of Metaphysical poetry.

A. John Donne B. George HerbertC. Andre Marvell D. Henry Vaughanþ Which of the following is not a Metaphysical poet?

A. Richard Crashaw B. Henry VaughanC. Andrew Marvell D. Robert Burton² Although of a Catholic background, he renounced all denominations and was contented with being a Christian.

Before he switched to the Church of England : youthful love poetrys, interweaving of passion with reason

After he switched to the Church of England: religious poemsþ ____ poems can be divided into two categories: the youthful love lyrics and the later sacred verses.

A. John Milton B. John Bunyan C. John Donne D. John Dryden² Critical and reception 批评与接受17th century poet-critic John Dryden commented that his loves to play with metaphysics both in his satirical and love poetry, love poems reveal the subtleties of metaphysics instead of focusing on love

Samuel Johnson (the literary dictator of the second half of the 18th century) criticized Donne and his group for showing off their knowledge rather than describing natured human sentiment in their love poetry

19th century William Hazlitt agreed with SamuelLay in silence and obscurityT.S.Eliot,another literary dictator, brought it back to light

² Basic features: wit or conceit巧智&奇思妙喻The Flea(1633)《跳蚤》Valediction: Forbidden Mourning 《告别》The novelty consists in the comparison of two separate lovers to the legs of a compass圆规

【Andrew Marvell安德鲁马维尔(1621-1678)】² To His Coy Mistress《至他的羞涩的情人》“My love is vegetable love”【John Milton约翰弥尔顿（1608-1674）】

þ _____ , as a declaration of people’s freedom of the press, has been a weapon in the later democratic revolutionary struggles.

A. On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity B. ComusC. Of Reformation in England D. Areopagitica² The third greatest English poet after Chaucer and Shakespeare, and the greatest to come out of the 17th century.

² His life can be roughly divided into three phrases:The early phase of reading and lyric writingThe middle phrase of service in the Puritan Revolution and pamphleteering for it

The last phrase of epic writing ( the greatest)² 作品：Two influential writings in Latin:In Denfense of the British People(1651)《为英国人民辩护》

More in Defense of the British People(1654)《再为英国人民辩护》Paradise Lost《失乐园》 :Satan and his followers wage against God by corrupting God’s creation of man and woman

Adam and Eve are forbidden to eat the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evilcontains altogether 12 books, the last book relates Adam and Eve going down hand in hand to the plains below

religious work, blank verse（素体诗无韵体诗，同莎士比亚，不押韵的五歩抑扬格）One notable feature of the epic is its evident ambiguity in the poet’s attitude toward God, the devil, and man.

Samson Agonistes 《力士参孙》Verse drama, can be seen as objectifying（物化）the poet’s own unflinching spirit 诗人自己坚定精神的客观写照

Lycidas 《利西达斯》【John Dryden约翰德莱顿（1631－1700）】第一位新古典主义作家² He was notorious for his frequent face-about in face of the changing political climate of his day.

² Heroic Stanzas (1659) 英雄诗节² Poet laureate 桂冠诗人² In historical retrospect, Dryden is remembered for 2 things he did admirably well for his country’s literature.

His successful effort to prune the Elizabethan language of its formless exuberance and turn it into a cool, lucid, plain and natural medium for English writing.

He was the first Neoclassic writer in English literary history.第一位新古典主义作家He made the heroic couplet(英雄双韵体)almost the one poetic medium acceptable for poetry.

English literary criticism英语文学批评： The father of English criticism² His tragedy All for Love deals with the same story as William Shakespeare’s

Antony and Cleopatra.【John Bunyan约翰班扬 (1628-1688)】² When he was in prison he wrote The Pilgrim’s Progress.《天路历程》

is an allegoryis the description of the visions of a dozen dreams (同农夫皮尔斯)梦境形式展开The story is about his effort to find faith and salvation by making his pilgrimage to the Celestial Kingdom.

Town of Vanity浮华市集to show the prevalent political and religious persecution of his timeabounds in acute social criticism

² The Life and Death off Mr. Badman《败德先生传》（1680）allegorical讽喻体Chapter 6【The Classic Age: An Introduction】

新古典主义：18世纪中期到19世纪盛行(1688 Glorious Revolution光荣革命 – 1798 lyrical ballads抒情歌谣的浪漫主义)（1789French revolution）

² The 18th century valued balance, middle things, the middle class, moderation, reason, common sense traditional forms, and deism.

The good words for the 18th century were “we”, “submit”, and “reasonableness”新古典主义时期，理性时代，启蒙运动，理性，强调人要理性做事

启蒙运动强调教育universal education 读写能力，工业革命使大家有时间，所以出现小说，报纸，期刊² 18th century can be divided into two parts各种好

Serious upheavals and dislocations began to beset the country.The Proletariat came into being, conflict between capital and labor劳资冲突

² Religion: turned out to be radically differentFormal religion形式宗教 died down：The century believed in God, but it didn’t believe in formal religion with its tenets of revelation and supernatural elements.

Mechanical improvementsMechanical universe机械宇宙观 it was likened to a clock which God made but left ticking away on its own laws.

² Intellective background:John Locke became the theoretician理论家of the 18th century, and Adam Smith the champion of capitalism in the economic field.经济学家，支持资本主义制度。

John Locke:Concerning Human Understanding 1690《论人类理解力》was the most important psychological work for his century, and his two treatises on civil government the most important political science work of its time.

If human beings want to learn the world, they should learn through senses.本书讲的人类如何认识世界，通过感官去认识Reason is of the primary importance in learning to understand the world, question the whole concept of God and Trinity.质疑上帝和三位一体。

Locke is very important to rising middle class中产阶级, just like what Karl Marks represented to the proletariat.

People can deduce the nature of God by looking around his creation. God works through general laws and not the tablets, Deism became the trend in the 18th century.

机械宇宙观，自然神论,自然法则，变成上帝意旨Empiricism英国的经验主义Adam smithThe Wealth of Nations (1776)《国富论》Proposing as it does the theory of laissez-faire (market economy), did a good deal of theoretical spade work to help bring down government control on industry and growth of capitalism, boost the middle-class morale鼓舞中产阶级士气, and pave the way for immense further growth of capitalism.

rationalize使中产阶级合理化² The major features of the literature of the period are as follows:It was a literature of reason, common sense, and repudiation of enthusiasm and sentiment.